Abstract: Water source is the premise of applying water source heat pump. In this paper, the factors such as water quantity, water temperature, water quality and water supply stability of water source system that affect the operation efficiency of water source heat pump are expounded. Various types of water sources, water intake structures, water treatment technologies, and recharge techniques are introduced. Some problems that should be paid attention to in the design and construction of water sources are pointed out. Keywords: water source heat pump water structure water treatment technology recharge technology Tsinghua Tongfang artificial environment equipment company this year to the market launch of energy-saving, environmentally friendly new products-GHP-type water source central air conditioning system. Other domestic manufacturers also have similar products available, such as "energy-saving air-conditioning", "warm air temperature and temperature", "temperature air-conditioning", "geothermal heat pump" and so on. Although the name varies, but basically the same heat pump products. Heat pumps make good use of low-temperature heat stored in air, water and soil. Water source heat pump system is one of the best ways to use energy in the 21st century. Suitable and reliable water source is the prerequisite for effective application of water source heat pump. When promoting the use of water source heat pump technology, attention should be paid to solve the related water source problem. 1, water source heat pump working principle and its system structure "heat pump" is the term borrowed from the word "water pump". In a natural environment, water flows downwards and heat travels to lower temperatures. Pumps pump water from low to high altitude use. The heat pump can heat energy at low temperature "pumping" (exchange transfer) to high temperature to provide access. In our country "HVAC terminology standard (GB50155-92)", the interpretation of "heat pump" is "to achieve evaporator and condenser function conversion refrigerator"; in the "New International Dictionary of Refrigeration ) ", The interpretation of" heat pump "is" a refrigeration system that heats the heat released by the condenser. " Can be seen that the heat pump is essentially the same with the refrigerator, but different operating conditions. Its working principle is driven by the electric compressor, so that the working fluid (such as R22) repeated cyclic physical phase transition process, respectively, in the evaporator gasification heat absorption in the condenser liquefied heat, the heat is constantly being exchanged Pass, and through the valve switch to make the unit to achieve heating (or cooling) function. In this process, the heat pump compressor requires a certain amount of high-energy drive, the evaporator absorbs low heat, but the heat pump heat is available high heat, in quantity is the high heat and energy consumed Absorb the sum of low heat. The ratio of heat pump output power to input power is called the coefficient of heat pump performance, that is, the COP value (Coefficient of Performance). There are a variety of heat pumps, water as a heat source and heating medium heat pump called water source heat pump. Water source heat pump coefficient of performance (ie, COP value) higher than the air source heat pump, the system performance and stability. Water source heat pump project is a systematic project, generally by the water source system, water source heat pump room system and the end of the cooling system consists of three parts. Among them, the water system includes water, water intake structures, water pipe network and water treatment equipment. 2, water source heat pump on the water system requirements Water system water, water temperature, water quality and water supply stability is the water source heat pump system operating effect of an important factor. The application of water source heat pump, the principle of the water system requirements are: adequate water, moderate water temperature, water quality, water supply stability. Specifically, the water source of water should be sufficient enough to meet the user heating load or cooling load needs. If the water is not enough, the unit's heating capacity and cooling capacity will be reduced, failing to meet user's requirements. Water temperature should be moderate, suitable for unit operating conditions. For example, Tsinghua Tongfang GHP type water source central air-conditioning system in the heating operation conditions, the water source temperature should be 12-22 ℃; cooling operating conditions, the water source temperature should be 18-30 ℃. The water quality of the water source should be suitable for the materials of the system unit, pipeline and valve without causing serious corrosion damage. Water source system to ensure high water supply, water supply function with long-term reliability, to ensure water source heat pump central air conditioning system long-term and stable operation. 3, water In principle, any water, water temperature to meet user heating load or refrigeration load, the water quality of the unit equipment does not produce any corrosion damage to water can be used as water source heat pump system to use water, either renewable water source , Can also be a natural source of water. 3.1 Reclaimed water source refers to the discharged, but treated municipal sewage, industrial waste water, mine waste water, oilfield waste water and cooling water of thermal power plant and other water sources that are discharged after being artificially used but can be recycled from waste water to recycled water, reducing initial investment, Save water resources. But for most users, the water of choice in nature is available. 3.2 Water in Nature Water in nature is found in the atmosphere, on the Earth's surface and in crustal rocks, called atmospheric water, surface water and groundwater, respectively. Surface water and groundwater on land come from precipitation in the atmosphere. Surface water accounts for about 96.5% of the total natural water reserves. The coastal city of the conditional use of seawater, foreign application of seawater as an example of heat pump water. Some coastal cities in China have used sea water for industrial cooling water sources for many years. In recent years, the domestic sea water as a heat pump water source research, but the sea water source heat pump technology is yet to be put into practical use. Surface water on land, that is, rivers, rivers, lakes and reservoirs has a lower degree of salinity than seawater and groundwater, but there are more organic matters such as sediment and other solid particulates, colloidal suspensions and algae, sand content and turbidity High, subject to necessary treatment before heat pump water. Groundwater refers to the body of water that is buried and transported in aquifers below the earth's surface. Groundwater is widely distributed, water quality is better than surface water, water temperature with surface water than climate change is small, is the water source central air conditioning can use more ideal source of water. 3.3 The choice of water and water The amount of water is the key factor that affects the work efficiency of water source heat pump system. The amount of water required for a project is determined by the load of the project and the performance of the unit. The selected amount of water and water should meet the load requirements. If other conditions are available, but the water slightly less than the gap can take some remedial measures to make up. If the water gap is large, can not meet the load requirements, it should consider other options. For a specific project, we should proceed from the actual situation to determine whether there is available water source. Different projects of the site environment and hydrogeological conditions vary widely available sources of water should be selected according to local conditions suitable for water. When there are different water sources to choose from, they should be technically and economically analyzed and compared to determine the optimum. 4, water quality Water in nature in endless cycle of movement, and constantly with the atmosphere, soil and rock and other environmental media contact, interaction, it has a complex chemical composition, chemical and physical properties. Application of water source heat pump, in addition to water should be concerned about the amount of water, but also should be concerned about the water temperature, chemical composition, turbidity, hardness, salinity and corrosion and other factors. However, there is no relevant regulation on the water quality of the water source heat pump at present. The data presented in this paper refer to the relevant provisions of the cooling water quality standards and some groundwater recharge quality. 4.1 Temperature Surface water temperature varies with season, latitude and elevation. North of the Yangtze River and the plateau, winter surface water freezing, can not be used for heating. Summer water temperature is generally below 30 ℃, can be used for refrigeration and air conditioning. Groundwater temperature varies with the physical and geographical environment, geological conditions and depth of circulation. Near the surface of the variable temperature zone, variable temperature zone for a certain depth of constant temperature, the groundwater temperature is not affected by solar radiation. Different latitudes have different depths of temperature, water temperature range 10-22 ℃. With the temperature decreasing, the groundwater temperature increases with the increase of depth, and the increase depends on the geothermal warming rate in different regions and different lithologies. The average geothermal warming rate of the crust is 2.5 ℃ / 100m, which is greater than this value for geothermal anomalies. Geothermal anomalous area rich in groundwater can form geothermal field. According to 1997 statistics, more than 3,200 geothermal spots have been discovered in the country, 130 geothermal fields have been exploited and utilized, and 345 million cubic meters of geothermal water have been mined annually. At present, many geothermal users discharge high temperatures (about 40 ℃). Application of water source heat pump can be discarded in the 30 ℃ temperature difference be reused, greatly improving geothermal energy utilization. 4.2 sand content and turbidity Some water contains sediment, organic matter and colloidal suspensions, so that the water becomes turbid. The high sand content of water can cause wear to the unit and the valve. Sand with high turbidity and water used for groundwater recharge can cause aquifer plugging. Water source for heat pump system, sand content should be <1/20000, turbidity <20 mg / liter. If the water source heat pump system is equipped with a plate heat exchanger, the particle size of solid particles in the source water should be <0.5 mm. 4.3 The chemical composition of water and its chemical nature Water is dissolved in water with different ions, molecules, compounds and gases, making the water has a chemical nature of pH, hardness, salinity and corrosive, have a certain impact on the unit material. PH pH value of water is less than 7, acidic, whereas it is alkaline. Water source heat pump water source pH value should be 6.5-8.5. Hardness The total amount of Ca2 + and Mg2 + in water is called total hardness. Hard, easy to scale. Water source heat pump water CaO content should be <200 mg / L. The total amount of various ions, molecules and compounds contained in the volume of water per unit of salinity is called the total salinity. The salinity of the water source water used in the water source heat pump system should be <3 g / L. Corrosive water Cl-, free CO2 are all corrosive, the presence of dissolved oxygen to increase the corrosion of the metal pipe corrosion. Application of water source heat pump system, the corrosive, high hardness of the water source should be installed in the system anti-corrosion stainless steel heat exchanger or plate heat exchanger. 5, water intake structures from water sources to water source heat pump room water supply, water structures to be built. According to different water sources, water intake structures can be divided into two categories: surface water intake structures and groundwater intake structures. 5.1 surface water intake structures according to the structure of surface water intake structures can be divided into two kinds of activities and fixed. Active surface water intake structures floating pontoon and active cable car. More commonly used is the fixed surface water intake structures, which are more types, but generally include water intakes, aqueducts (or horizontal headers) and water collection wells. Surface water intake structures are greatly affected by water flow, velocity and water level, Construction is more complex, to choose the construction plan for the specific circumstances. 5.2 Groundwater abstraction structures Groundwater abstraction structures include tube wells, large wells, combination wells, radial wells and seepage channels. Table 1 lists the types of groundwater intake structures and the applicable scope [1]. In practical projects, different forms should be selected according to the depth of groundwater, the thickness of aquifer, the amount of water discharged, and the technical and economic conditions. 5.3 Tube wells Groundwater intake structures in the most common type of tube wells, generally by the borehole, borehole pipe, drainage pipe, sink pipe composition. The well bore is drilled by a drilling machine. The well wall pipe is installed at a non-aquifer to support the hole wall of the well bore so as to prevent collapse. The well pipe and the porthole are sealed with impervious materials such as clay or cement to prevent the seepage of the ground water. Water pipes installed in the aquifer, in addition to the role of the shaft wall outside its main role is to filter water and sand; the bottom of the tube for the sinking pipe, used to sediment sediment in water to extend tube life. 6, water system design and construction should pay attention to the problem of 6.1 Feasibility study of water source water source heat pump system is intended to be investigated, the project should be investigated first water supply conditions, consult with the local water management department or ask the professional team to carry out the necessary hydrology Geological surveys or hydrogeophysical surveys to find out if there is a suitable source of water for the heat pump to use and to conduct a feasibility study to determine the scheme for using surface or groundwater for water supplies. 6.2 Design and construction of surface water source When surface water is selected, the design water intake shall take into account the guarantee factor of water temperature and water demand, the relationship between the elevation of the water intake structure and the flood season water level. Construction should also consider the water supply pipes and drainage pipe layout. 6.3 Pipe Well Engineering Design and Construction To select groundwater source and pipe well water intake scheme, for large-scale projects, according to the required amount of water and groundwater recharge needs, combined with the site environment and hydrogeological conditions, according to a certain ratio of pumping and pumping wells And recharge well number, reasonable layout well spacing and well spacing. Well depth should be greater than the depth of the variable temperature, in order to ensure winter water temperature> 10 ℃. In order to prevent plugging of recharging wells and ensure the long-term stable water supply of water source system, the pumping wells and recharging wells should be switched to each other. Therefore, the depth and well structure of each well should be similar. Wells in the filter pipe and filter should have a certain intensity, can withstand the pressure pumping pumping reciprocating flow.
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