Rare earth concentrates as raw material, decomposition, mixing the compound prepared, packet separation step of preparing single compounds of different purity, rare and rare earth metal smelter design article. The design scope mainly includes: rare earth extraction and separation car design, rare earth metal workshop design, rare earth permanent magnet material workshop design and rare earth luminescent material workshop design. There are major rare concentrate bastnasite, monazite, ion adsorption and xenotime rare earth ore.
The design, production and application of a brief history rare earth tonnage plant began in the 1920s. First, the monolithic stone was used in the late 1940s, and fluorocarbon antimony ore was used as a raw material to produce mixed rare earth compounds by chemical method. For the preparation of flint and arc carbon poles, polishing powder, metallurgical additives and so on. Since the 1960s, mixed rare earth compounds have been used as catalysts for petroleum cracking; in particular, cesium oxide was used in color television red phosphors in 1964, which promoted the development of single rare earth separation technology, designed and manufactured large diameter ion exchange columns and various types of extraction. , producing a variety of single rare earth compounds and single metals, used in luminescent, electronic, magnetic materials, superconductors and optical fibers. In the 1980s, the production capacity of fluorocarbon strontium concentrate of the US molybdenum company was 40,000 t/a (based on REO, the same below); the separation capacity of the French Rocheer rare earth plant reached 5,000 t/a.
China's rare earth reserves rank first in the world. The design of the rare earth smelter began in the 1950s with the treatment of monazite by alkali. By 1992, about 50 rare earth smelters were designed and constructed. The rare earth concentrates used were Baotou mixed rare earth ore, bastnasite, ion-adsorbed rare earth ore and monazite. The rare earth separation method was extracted by liquid-liquid solvent. Mainly. In 1988, the annual output of various rare earth mineral products was about 30,000 tons. By 1989, the group separation capacity was 12,000 tons per year, producing more than 400 varieties and more than 1,000 specifications. The export volume of various products was about 9200 tons, which was ahead of the world; the domestic application volume was 6770 tons, ranking second in the world. Gansu Rare Earth Company is the largest rare earth project designed in China. It processes Baotou mixed rare earth ore, fluorocarbon antimony ore and ion-adsorbed rare earth ore to produce mixed rare earth chloride and single rare earth products.
Product Solutions Rare earth products are mainly used in metallurgy, glass ceramics, petrochemical and optical, electronic, luminescent, permanent magnet, magneto-optical, superconducting materials and other fields. The product has about 500 varieties and 3,000 specifications, including mixed light rare earth, various grades of enrichment, single compound and metal of various purity. The rare earth compound used for the fluorescent material has a purity of 99.95% to 99.99%, and the purity of the compound used for optical, laser, and the like is 99.995% to 99.999%. China's rare earth products have more than 400 kinds and more than 1,000 specifications. By 1992, 23 national standards had been formulated.
Process selection The rare earth production process consists mainly of processes such as concentrate decomposing, separation of rare earths, and preparation of compounds and metals.
The concentrate is decomposed by a sulfuric acid roasting method, a caustic soda leaching method, and a hydrochloric acid or nitric acid dissolution method. When processing the Baotou mixed rare earth ore and bastnasite, if the "three wastes" treatment of the plant is better, the sulfuric acid roasting method with lower cost is used; on the contrary, the caustic soda cooking method can be used. The treatment of monazite with a caustic soda leaching method can simultaneously recover trisodium phosphate. When producing anhydrous rare earth chloride, the chlorination of the Baotou mixed rare earth ore, bastnasite or monazite may be treated by direct chlorination. The ion-adsorbed ore is decomposed by a solution of hydrochloric acid or nitric acid.
The determination of the mixed rare earth group separation process mainly considers the product variety, purity and economic benefits. Large-scale production of multi-purpose liquid-liquid solvent extraction method; small batches of high-purity rare earth can be produced by ion exchange method or extraction chromatography method.
Multi isolated europium zinc powder alkalinity reduction method.
The grouped separation of the enrichment or single rare earth chloride or nitrate, the high purity of the oxalic acid precipitation method; the enrichment or the lower purity product, using the lower cost ammonium bicarbonate precipitation method, after filtration, and then Burned into oxide. The mixed light rare earth chloride can also be directly concentrated and crystallized, and then electrolyzed by molten salt to form a mixed rare earth metal. In the preparation of a single rare earth metal, the light rare earth is mostly made by molten salt electrolysis, the heavy rare earth is mostly reduced by metal, or the molten salt is firstly electrolyzed to obtain a corresponding intermediate alloy, and then vacuum distilled to obtain a sponge-like pure metal. Production of rare earth permanent magnets by powder metallurgy or reduction diffusion. Production of rare earth fluorescent materials, powder firing method.
The process flow of rare earth production principle with various concentrates as raw materials is shown in the figure.
Rare earth production principle process flow chart
The main equipment for rare earth production is mainly composed of concentrate decomposing, group separation, compound drying and burning and metal preparation. In addition to dissolution, solution preparation, precipitation, filtration, solution transport, metal thermal reduction and distillation, etc., except for general chemical and metallurgical standard equipment, most of them are non-standard equipment. 1. Decomposition of Baotou mixed rare earth ore and bastnasite, mostly using rotary kiln, vertical chlorination furnace; monolithic caustic soda leaching decomposition, using pressurized or atmospheric steel reaction tank; ion adsorption type ore Decomposition, using an enamel reaction tank. 2. Group separation of rare earths, using a box-type mixing clarification extraction tank, or an ion exchange column. 3. Calcination of oxalate or carbonate, large-volume products adopt tunnel continuous calcining furnace, and small-sized products use box-type electric resistance furnace. 4. Preparation of various rare earth metals, mostly using brick or graphite crucible molten salt electrolysis tank or vacuum reduction furnace. 5. Sintering and sintering of rare earth magnetic materials and fluorescent materials, using a tunnel type continuous electric furnace.
Workshop composition and configuration of rare earth smelters generally consist of concentrate decomposing, rare earth separation, chemical treatment, compound products, metal workshops and rare earths
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