In 2015, the total output of lithium batteries in China was 47.13Gwh, among which, the output of power batteries was 16.9Gwh, accounting for 36.07%; the output of consumption lithium batteries was 23.69Gwh, accounting for 50.26%; the output of energy storage lithium batteries was 1.73Gwh, accounting for 3.67%.
The resource nature of waste lithium batteries and the harm to the environment are gradually taken seriously
Demand for power lithium batteries and scrap volume continue to grow
Authorities estimate that by 2020, the demand for power lithium batteries will reach 125Gwh, and the scrap will reach 32.2Gwh, about 500,000 tons; by 2023, the scrap will reach 101Gwh, about 1.16 million tons. The large-scale power lithium battery market will be accompanied by industrial opportunities for lithium battery recycling and downstream utilization. The development of lithium battery recycling and ladder utilization will also generate considerable economic benefits and investment opportunities while avoiding resource waste and environmental pollution.
In the first half of 2016, the production and sales of new energy vehicles in China reached 177,000 and 170,000 respectively, which is still the world's largest new energy vehicle market. In January-February, due to the influence of the Spring Festival and policy factors, production and sales were low. With the adjustment of policies, the new energy vehicles in the first half of the year gradually achieved recovery growth, and sprinted to 35,000 units in June. In the second half of the year, the new energy vehicles in the July-August period were in a stable state of around 30,000 units, waiting for further growth momentum.
According to the statistics of the China Automobile Industry Association, in August, 21,303 new energy vehicles were produced, with sales of 18,054 vehicles, up 2.9 times and 3.5 times respectively year-on-year. Among them, the production and sales of pure electric vehicles were 13,121 and 1,085, respectively, up 3.8 times and 6.1 times year-on-year. The production and sales of electric hybrid vehicles were 8,182 and 5,969 respectively, up 2 times and 1.6 times respectively.
According to the relevant policies and regulations of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the subsidies for pure electric passenger vehicles have been declining year by year after comprehensive consideration of factors such as scale effect and technological progress. In addition, after the government increased the intensity of fraudulent compensation in the first half of the year, it is necessary to consider adjustments to policies. And modified.
The state will improve the subsidy policy in many aspects, study and establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism, adjust the product structure, and improve the advanced level of subsidized products.
The increase in government scrutiny will help regulate the development of the industry, enhance the power of independent technology research and development and industrial upgrading, and help prevent excessive expansion of industry capacity and improve the policy and institutional environment for the development of the new energy vehicle industry.
The new energy auto industry will still be in the stage of rapid development in the next 3 to 5 years. Policy transformation and industrial restructuring are the only way to make the industry develop healthier and more perfect. With the continuous upgrading of electric vehicle technology and the continuous improvement of industrial concentration, the industry will continue to experience rapid development in the future.
By taking into account factors such as changes in subsidy factors, the number of charging and replacement facilities, oil and gas spreads, and the performance of electric products, authoritative institutions have established forecasts such as charts:
The demand and scrap of power batteries are not only closely related to the new production of new energy vehicles, but also related to the proportion of different models, the shifting trend of battery technology routes, the service life of different power batteries and the retirement years of different electric vehicles. The current industry average standards are as follows, which can be used as a assumption for predicting the demand and scrap of power battery:
The average quality of different power batteries is: 275kg plug-in passenger car, 235kg plug-in commercial vehicle, 550kg pure electric passenger car, 1900kg pure electric commercial vehicle;
According to the statistics of the highway department, the average annual mileage of cars and light vehicles is 50,000 km, the medium-sized cars are 40,000 km, and the heavy-duty vehicles are 30,000 km. Under the same driving conditions, the service life of pure electric passenger car power batteries is about For 4-6 years; pure electric commercial vehicles have many daily driving times, long driving mileage and frequent charging, and the service life of the power battery is about 2-3 years.
At present, the average retirement time of private passenger cars in China is 12-15 years, the mandatory retirement period of commercial vehicles is 10 years, electric vehicles are replaced at least twice in their life cycle, and due to uncertainties (accidents, human causes) Etc.), the life cycle of the power battery will constantly change.
According to the calculations of the authoritative organization, the amount of power lithium batteries used in commercial vehicles (based on the 3-year battery life assumption) and passenger cars (5 years) will reach 27Gwh and 4.2Gwh respectively in 2020, and will reach respectively in 2023. 84Gwh and 17.5Gwh
According to estimates, the market size created by recycling metals such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, lithium and iron and aluminum from used lithium batteries will start to erupt in 2018, reaching 5.2 billion yuan and 136 billion yuan in 2020. Will exceed 30 billion yuan.
If the battery waste generated by the development of the new energy automobile industry is not properly disposed, it will cause greater pollution to the environment; in addition, the waste lithium-ion battery has significant resources, and the following authorities will analyze lithium ions. Technical feasibility and cost-effectiveness of battery recycling.
Waste lithium battery has significant resource, with cobalt and lithium being the most valuable
Materials such as a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte constituting a lithium ion battery contain a large amount of valuable metals. The valuable metal components contained in the cathode materials of different power lithium batteries are different, and the metals with the highest potential value include cobalt, lithium, nickel and the like. For example, the average content of lithium in a ternary battery is 1.9%, 12.1% of nickel, and 2.3% of cobalt; in addition, the proportion of copper and aluminum is 13.3% and 12.7%, and if it is properly recycled, it will become A major source of income generation and cost reduction.
Cobalt is a silver-gray shiny metal with ductility and ferromagnetism. Cobalt is widely used in aerospace, mechanical manufacturing, electrical and electronic, chemical, ceramic and other industrial fields due to its high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and magnetic properties. It is used to manufacture superalloys, hard alloys, ceramic pigments, catalysts and batteries. One of the important ingredients.
Cobalt resources are mostly associated with copper-cobalt ore, nickel-cobalt ore, arsenic-cobalt ore and pyrite deposits. There are few independent cobalt minerals and less terrestrial resources. Submarine manganese nodules are important prospective resources for cobalt. The recovery of recycled cobalt is also an important source of cobalt resources. According to the USGS data, in 2015, the world produced 123 million metal tons of cobalt ore, and Congo (gold) produced 63,000 tons of cobalt ore, accounting for more than 50%. China only produced 7,700 tons of cobalt metal, accounting for 6.2%.
Cobalt mine expansion projects include: 2016 Etoile Leach SX-EW plant in Congo (DRC), Nova Nickel in Australia, Ldaho Cobalt and North Met in the US, phase1, etc., with a total new capacity of 7,235 tons; Less, only Canada's NICO and Zambia Cobaltconverterslag, etc., a total of 2215 tons of new capacity; 2018 Australia Gladstone Nickel and Congo (Golden) Project Minier new mines put into operation, a total of 9600 tons of new capacity.
Cobalt mine production reduction projects include: Katanga and Mopani projects at Glencore, and Votorantim Metais mines in Brazil, with an expected reduction in metal production of 5,200 tons. In the future, as the price of copper and nickel continues to be sluggish, it is not ruled out that other large mining companies will also join the camp for production reduction.
Due to the demand for cobalt boosted by the rapid development of the power lithium battery market in the first half of 2016 and the expectation of major mines to reduce production, cobalt prices have shown a turning point in mid-2016, and it is expected that supply balance will remain in the next two years. The situation. From the global market point of view, 42% of cobalt demand is concentrated in the field of lithium batteries, followed by high temperature alloys (16%) and hard alloys (10%); from the Chinese market, battery materials account for up to 69%. As the downstream demand for new energy vehicles gradually becomes clear, domestic power battery manufacturers will expand their production capacity from 2016 to 2017, and the demand for cobalt will further increase. Therefore, it is more and more economical to recycle and reuse cobalt from used batteries.
As an element widely used in power lithium batteries, lithium is widely used, and the price of lithium carbonate is constantly rising on the market. The demand side, especially the demand for new energy vehicle driving and the difficulty of releasing the production capacity, work together. The price of lithium carbonate has prompted more and more companies to pay attention to the economic benefits of lithium battery recycling.
Lithium resources are widely distributed in nature. However, the extraction process of lithium resources is relatively high, so the supply and demand pattern is relatively stable. In recent years, supply-side changes mainly include: Galaxy resource resumption (Mt Cattlin mine); SQM established joint venture company development 4 10,000 tons of the Cauchari-Olaroz project in Argentina; ALB has strengthened cooperation with local Chilean companies. In 2020, it is expected to form three lithium salt plants in Chile and a total of 70,000 tons of LCE production scale.
In 2015, lithium batteries accounted for more than 50% of total lithium demand; according to SQM's forecast, the compound growth rate of lithium demand will reach 8%-12% from 2016 to 2025, and the compound demand for lithium demand for power lithium batteries will reach 18%. %-24%, according to the forecast, global lithium demand will reach 490,000 tons (LCE) in 2025.
The unveiling of TeslaModel3 also brought about an increase in demand for high-end lithium hydroxide. The goal set by Tesla is to achieve the target capacity construction of 500,000 vehicles per year and 35Gwh/year for super battery plants by 2020, assuming 80% of the target and 0.6 tons/kwh of lithium carbonate consumption. Lithium demand is 16,800 tons (equivalent to LCE). This phenomenal event will also promote the development of the entire industry.
From the perspective of sales of ternary materials, the sales volume of ternary materials in the global market has shown a rapid growth trend, from 12,000 tons in 2009 to more than 90,000 tons in 2015, and the average annual compound growth rate reached 40%. According to the analysis of the development trend of future ternary materials enterprises, the proportion of domestic ternary materials leading enterprises in the future will remain at a relatively high level. It is expected that the production capacity of the top ten enterprises will remain above 80% in the future.
From the perspective of the production capacity of ternary materials, it is estimated that the capacity of power ternary materials in 2016 will exceed 71,000 tons/year, and the compound annual growth rate will reach 56% from 2016 to 2018.
As a direct product of salt lake and lithium ore extraction, lithium carbonate is the basic raw material of other lithium products. Currently, lithium hydroxide is mainly used for the production of NCA ternary materials and high-nickel NCM ternary materials. Growth grows.
Due to the high stability of lithium hydroxide, no carbon monoxide interference is generated during the reaction, which helps to increase the tap density of the material, and is more suitable as a basic lithium salt for the synthesis of the ternary cathode material than lithium carbonate.
Lithium hydroxide is a basic raw material for the synthesis of lithium-rich manganese-based cathode materials. Li-manganese-rich cathode material xLi2MnO3? (1-x) LiMO2 has a high specific capacity (200~300mAh/g), which can meet the requirements of lithium batteries in the fields of small electronic products and electric vehicles. It is the most potential next generation power lithium ion battery anode. material.
China's lithium carbonate is mainly extracted from spodumene, using sulfuric acid method, limestone roasting method, etc., the cost is about 2.2-3.2 million yuan per ton. A small amount of lithium carbonate is extracted from salt lake brine. For the current situation of high magnesium and lithium in salt lakes in China, the calcination method and solvent extraction method are used. The cost is lower than that from ore, but it is still higher than the cost of lithium in foreign salt lakes. Production is very limited in harsh production conditions.
Foreign countries such as Albermarle and SQM in the US Silver Peak Salt Lake and Chilean Atacama Salt Lake, mainly using evaporation precipitation method to extract lithium carbonate. This method has the lowest cost, ranging from 1.2 to 19,000 yuan per ton, and is currently the mainstream method for lithium carbonate production.
The energy saving rate of metal recycling and reuse is between 70% and 90%. If batteries are used to recycle raw materials to produce batteries, it has an absolute advantage in energy saving and emission reduction. Considering the economics of lithium-ion battery recycling, it is necessary to consider the full life cycle of the battery. The raw materials of batteries are mainly non-ferrous metals. There is a clear gap between the energy consumption level of China's non-ferrous metal industry and the international advanced level. Energy consumption is mainly concentrated in the three fields of mining, smelting and processing. However, the energy consumption of the non-ferrous metal recovery process is much smaller than that of the original metal.
Abandoned power battery threatens the environment and human health, affecting social sustainable development
The potential threat of used power batteries to the environment and human health. The existing waste battery treatment methods mainly include solidification and deep burial, storage in waste mines and resource recovery. However, at present, China's battery resource recovery capacity is limited, and most of the used batteries are not effectively disposed, and will be given to the natural environment and humans. Health poses a potential threat.
Although the power battery does not contain heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, and lead, it also causes environmental pollution. For example, once the electrode material enters the environment, the metal ions of the positive electrode of the battery, the carbon dust of the negative electrode, the strong alkali in the electrolyte, and the heavy metal ions may cause heavy environmental pollution, including raising the pH of the soil, and may be generated if not handled properly. Toxic gases.
In addition, the metal and electrolyte contained in the power battery may endanger human health. For example, cobalt may cause symptoms such as intestinal disorders, deafness, and myocardial ischemia.
The problem of power battery recycling has affected the sustainable development of the social economy. Electric vehicles have the advantage of coping with environmental pollution and energy shortage. If the power battery cannot be effectively recycled after it is scrapped, it will cause environmental pollution and waste of resources, which is contrary to the original intention of developing electric vehicles. For enterprises, the recycling of power batteries has huge business opportunities. After recycling, it can save raw material costs for battery manufacturers. In addition, power battery recycling is also related to the government's construction of a low-carbon economy and an environment-friendly society.
Analysis of power lithium battery recycling channels and business models
At present, the recycling channels of small workshops are the main ones, and will be standardized as the scale expands.
The life cycle of a power battery includes production, use, scrapping, decomposition, and reuse. In addition to the decrease in chemical activity of the power battery, the chemical composition inside the battery has not changed, but its charge and discharge performance cannot meet the power demand of the vehicle, but it can be applied to a place lower than the electric power requirement of the automobile. The use of power battery ladders has also become one of the most widely used recycling methods in the industry. The batteries that will be used in automobiles will be used in energy storage or related power supply base stations, street lamps, low-speed electric vehicles, and finally recycled. The system, but this business model is also faced with the question of whether it can be profitable, involving channels and technology issues.
As mentioned above, the recycling of power lithium batteries can be divided into two cycles: (1) Ladder utilization: mainly for the battery capacity reduction, the battery can not make the electric vehicle operate normally, but the battery itself is not scrapped, and it can still be in other ways. Continue to use, for example, for power storage; (2) Disassembly and recovery: mainly for the battery capacity loss, so that the battery can not continue to use, only the battery is resourced to recycle the valuable renewable resources.
The recycling channels for power lithium batteries are mainly based on small recycling workshops. There are fewer professional recycling companies and government recycling centers, and the system needs to be reorganized. At present, most of the used power batteries in China's power battery recycling market have flowed into the lack of qualified refurbished small workshops. These companies are backward in process equipment, but if they are handed over to a formal enterprise that is legally registered and taxed, obtaining qualifications and discharging according to national standards, it will inevitably result in price. The lack of competitiveness, so how to further improve the policy to ensure the sustainable development of the battery recycling industry is very necessary.
Recycling small workshops: low recycling costs can raise recycling prices, and high-priced recycling is their biggest competitive advantage. However, after these small workshops were recycled, only the used power batteries were simply repaired and repackaged and then returned to the market, disrupting the normal order of the power battery market. In addition, because these small workshops do not have the relevant qualifications, they are prone to safety hazards and environmental problems.
Professional recycling company: The professional recycling company is a professional enterprise approved by the state to recycle and dispose of used power batteries. With comprehensive strength, advanced technology and equipment, and standardized technology, it can not only maximize the recovery of available resources, but also reduce the impact on the environment. At present, China's special power battery recycling companies include Shenzhen GEM, Bangpu Cycle Technology, Chaowei Group and Fangyuan Environmental Protection. At present, although there are more and more enterprises in the layout of lithium battery recycling, there is a lack of government system support and policy incentives.
Government Recycling Center: The national recycling center set up by local governments in accordance with relevant national laws is conducive to scientific and standardized management of the battery recycling market, improvement of recycling networks, rational distribution of recycling networks and recycling markets, and improvement of the recycling volume of formal channels. At present, there is no government recycling center for power batteries in China, but in the future, we can choose to develop according to the reality of our country.
The battery recycling industry in developed countries is dominated by market regulation and supplemented by government constraints.
Germany: The government collects legislation, producers bear the main responsibility, set up funds to improve the marketization of the recycling system.
The EU Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) and the Battery Recycling Directive (2006/66/EC) are the legislative basis for the German battery recycling regulations. Recycling regulations require manufacturers, sellers, recyclers and consumers in the battery industry chain to have corresponding recycling responsibilities and obligations. For example, battery manufacturers must be registered with the government and bear major recycling responsibilities. Vendors must cooperate with battery manufacturers. The battery recycles work, and the end consumer needs to return the used battery to the designated recycling network.
In addition, Germany has established a recycling system for used batteries by means of a fund and deposit mechanism. The recycling system is operated by the GRS fund jointly established by the battery manufacturer and the electronics and electrical appliance manufacturer association. It is the largest lithium-ion battery recycling in Europe. Organization, the organization began to recycle industrial batteries in 2010, and will also include electric vehicle power batteries in the system for recycling, and actively carry out the recycling of power batteries.
In 2015, Bosch Group, BMW and Wattenfo Co., Ltd. launched a cooperation project on power battery recycling, which uses a battery decommissioned by BMW ActiveE and i3 pure electric vehicles to build a 2MW/2MWh large-scale photovoltaic power storage system. The energy storage system is operated and maintained by Wattenfo, and the project will be built in Berlin, Germany, and is expected to be operational by the end of 2015.
Japan: The production method is gradually transformed into a “recycling†model, and the company participates in battery recycling as a pioneer.
In 1994, Japanese battery manufacturers began to implement a recycling battery program, using the service network of retailers, car dealers or gas stations to recycle used batteries to consumers, recycling routes and sales on the basis of voluntary efforts of each participant. The route is reversed.
Since 2000, the government has stipulated that manufacturers should be responsible for the recovery of nickel-metal hydride and lithium batteries, and based on the design of resource-recycling products. After the batteries are recycled, they are transported back to the battery manufacturing enterprises. The government gives corresponding subsidies to the production enterprises to improve the enthusiasm of enterprises. .
In addition, many Japanese companies are also involved in battery recycling activities. Nissan Co., Ltd. and Sumitomo Corporation have established 4REnergy Co., Ltd. to focus on the recycling of lithium batteries for electric vehicles. Honda is studying the technology for extracting precious metals in batteries, and cooperating with other metal manufacturers to promote recycling of resources; Sanyo Research We have developed a route for recycling batteries and actively carried out recycling and recycling of rechargeable batteries.
Japan's major telecommunications companies have also jointly established a lithium battery independent recycling promotion association, stating that it has the responsibility to promote the recycling of lithium batteries, and strive to significantly increase the recovery rate of lithium batteries.
The United States: The market is mainly regulated. The government regulates and manages environmental protection standards to assist in the recycling of used power batteries.
In the US market, the United States rechargeable battery recycling company (RBRC) and the United States Portable Rechargeable Battery Association (PRBA) have been established to continuously publicize and educate the public to raise public awareness of environmental protection and guide the public to cooperate with the recycling of used batteries to protect nature. surroundings.
RBRC is a non-profit public service organization that promotes the recycling of rechargeable batteries such as nickel-chromium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion batteries and small sealed lead batteries. PRBA is a non-profit battery association composed of related battery companies. Its main goal is to develop recycling plans and measures to promote the recycling of industrial batteries.
RBRC offers three options to collect, ship and reuse used rechargeable batteries. These include (1) retail recycling programs; (2) community recycling programs; and (3) corporate and public sector recycling programs.
The Portable Rechargeable Battery Association (PBRC) mainly covers three aspects: (1) the relevant provisions of the US DOT on lithium-ion batteries and lithium-metal batteries, and related regulations during transportation; (2) CPSC for laptop batteries and mobile phone batteries . Recall; (3) The main laws and regulations of the battery.
In academia, the Hybrid Electric Vehicle Research Center of the University of California at Davis also conducted research on the secondary utilization and value analysis of power lithium batteries in 2010. The research content includes 4 to 5 battery secondary utilization fields. Specific requirements for battery performance, product development for home energy storage systems (HESA), and methodologies for evaluating the overall value of batteries (the sum of the values ​​in the field of electric vehicles and secondary use).
China has explicitly adopted the extension system of producer responsibility. With the continuous improvement of policies, the industry is gradually becoming standardized.
At present, China's current situation: the development of power battery recycling technology is relatively mature, but the management is relatively backward, hindering the development of the power battery recycling industry, mainly in:
(1) The recycling network is not perfect. The recycling network is mainly composed of small and medium-sized recycling companies, and it is difficult to obtain effective recycling;
(2) The recycling enterprise is small in scale and the process level is not perfect, which makes it difficult to ensure the efficiency of resource recovery;
(3) Enterprises with no business licenses illegally engage in the recycling of used power batteries, posing safety and environmental protection hazards.
As the production and sales of new energy vehicles continue to grow, the recycling of electric vehicles will become more and more prominent. The national and local governments have successively issued policies to accelerate the process of building a benign industrial ecosystem.
In July 2012, the “Energy Conservation and New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan†clearly stated that it is necessary to “develop a power battery recycling management method, establish a power battery cascade utilization and recycling management system, and guide power battery manufacturers to strengthen the recycling of used batteries. Encourage the development of specialized battery recycling companies."
In July 2014, the “Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Accelerating the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles†proposed to study and formulate policies for recycling and utilization of power batteries, and explore ways to promote the recycling of used power batteries by means of funds, deposits, and compulsory recycling, and establish and improve waste power. Battery recycling system.
In March 2015, the “Regulations on the Standards of Automotive Power Battery Industry†stipulated that system enterprises should study and formulate plans for the recycling and reuse of operable waste power batteries with automobile manufacturers.
In January 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Ministry of Commerce, and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine jointly issued the "Technical Policy for Recycling and Utilization of Electric Vehicles for Electric Vehicles (2015 Edition)" to clearly establish a power battery coding system and establish a traceability system. Clearly adopting the system of producer responsibility extension, electric vehicle manufacturers bear the main responsibility of recycling and recycling of used electric vehicles. Power battery manufacturers bear the main responsibility of recycling and recycling of used power batteries outside the after-sales service system of electric vehicle manufacturers. Battery manufacturers are responsible for the recycling and utilization of batteries in the cascade. The scrap car recycling and dismantling enterprises should be responsible for recycling the power batteries on the scrapped cars. In terms of incentive measures, the state will provide support for technology research and development and equipment import of cascade utilization enterprises and recycling enterprises within the existing funding channels. In terms of technology research and development, the state supports the research and development of power battery related recycling technologies and equipment.
In February 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the “Regulations on the Comprehensive Utilization of Waste Energy Storage Battery for New Energy Vehicles†and the “Interim Measures for the Administration of the Regulations on the Comprehensive Utilization of Waste Electrical Power Battery for New Energy Vehicles†to clarify the main body of waste battery recycling and strengthen industry management and recycling. Supervision.
In February 2016, the draft of the “Technical Policy on Prevention and Control of Waste Battery Pollution†was released. The highlights related to lithium batteries in the new policy are: 1) The scope covered by waste batteries incorporates emerging lithium batteries, solar cells and fuel cells , and the attitude towards battery resource recycling plants has changed from prudent conservative to advocacy and promotion; 2) It is clear that the lithium ion battery recycling enterprise must have a hazardous waste business license before it can operate, and the relevant environmental protection enterprises will have more advantages in qualification; 3) Encourage the development of lithium primary batteries, power batteries, energy storage batteries and other reverse disassembly New technologies such as complete sets of equipment, separators for lithium-ion batteries, metal products and electrode material recycling equipment.
In addition to encouraging support at the national policy level, many local governments in China are also actively exploring the specific implementation of the recycling and utilization of power lithium batteries:
Shanghai: In 2014, Shanghai issued the “Interim Measures for Shanghai to Encourage the Purchase and Use of New Energy Vehiclesâ€, requiring car companies to recycle power batteries, and the government awarded 1,000 yuan/set. The government will subsidize 1,000 yuan/set of vehicles for recycling power batteries;
Guangzhou: Notice of the General Office of the Guangzhou Municipal People's Government on Printing and Distributing the Interim Measures for the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles in Guangzhou in November 2014, proposing to establish a recycling channel for vehicle power batteries in this city, and recycling the power batteries in accordance with relevant requirements. .
Beijing: On January 27, 2016, the “Future Development Trend Forum for Automotive Tangible Markets†with the theme of “Cooperative Innovation and Collaborative Development†was held in Beijing. Xu Xinchao, director of the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, said at the forum: Beijing’s “three no policies†on the new energy vehicles’ unlimited, unlimited purchase and non-taxation have been implemented in Beijing; at the same time, Beijing The problem of power battery recycling can be effectively solved through "three links." (1) Vehicle enterprises are the first responsible body for power battery recycling. (2) Decommissioned power batteries can also be used in cascades. (3) The innovation of technology makes the utilization rate of waste batteries after recycling and processing up to 99%, and is harmless to the environment.
Shenzhen: In 2015, Shenzhen issued the “Notice of Shenzhen Municipal People's Government on Printing and Distributing Certain Policies and Measures for the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles in Shenzhenâ€. The content indicates that the power battery recycling policy is required to be formulated, and the vehicle manufacturing enterprises are responsible for the forced recycling of new energy vehicles' power batteries. And the vehicle manufacturing enterprise shall allocate the power battery recycling and treatment funds according to the special 20 yuan per kWh. The local finance shall grant a subsidy of no more than 50% according to the audited amount of funds, and establish and improve the recycling system of used power batteries.
In September 2016, the Shenzhen Municipal Development and Reform Commission and the Municipal Finance Committee issued the notice of “Shenzhen 2016 New Energy Vehicle Promotion and Application Financial Support Policyâ€. In terms of power battery recycling, the “new regulations†require new energy vehicle manufacturers to be responsible for recycling. If the power battery recycling funds are accrued according to the requirements, 50% of the amount determined by the audit will be subsidized to the enterprise. Specially used for power battery recycling.
Comparison of business models: building a producer recycling system under economic incentives
It can be seen from the experience of battery recycling in developed countries in Europe and America that power battery manufacturers bear the main responsibility for battery recycling when establishing a recycling system for used batteries. When the power battery is equipped with electric vehicles for sale to operators, group customers or individual customers, consumers have the ownership of the power battery, and they are also obliged to pay the waste power battery. The recycling network in this mode is rebuilt by the power battery manufacturer using the sales service network of the electric vehicle manufacturer, and the electric vehicle manufacturer has the responsibility to cooperate with the power battery used in the product.
Manufacturers have the most control over the life of the product, occupy a variety of resources, and are responsible for the product design. It can be said that the manufacturer holds all the information of the product and determines the degree of influence of the product on the environment.
The recycling process is for power battery manufacturers to use the sales network of electric vehicle manufacturers to recycle used batteries in reverse logistics. Consumers return the scrapped batteries to a nearby electric vehicle sales service network. According to the cooperation agreement between the battery manufacturer and the electric vehicle manufacturer, the electric vehicle manufacturer transfers the battery to the battery manufacturer at a negotiated price for professional recycling. Battery manufacturers can continue to use recycled metal materials.
In addition, scrapped car dismantling companies also need to sell dismantled used power batteries directly to power battery manufacturers when recycling used electric vehicles.
In the form of recycling, the implementation of the "old-for-new" system has prompted more consumers to return used batteries and ensure the recovery of power batteries. When a consumer replaces a new battery, the old battery can deduct a portion of the price of the new battery. When retiring an automobile dismantling enterprise to recycle an electric vehicle with a power battery, it should give the consumer a certain amount of cash compensation, and then sell the used power battery to the power battery manufacturer.
The industry alliance recycling power battery model is composed of power battery manufacturers, electric vehicle manufacturers or battery rental companies in the industry, and jointly set up a special recycling organization to be responsible for the recovery of power batteries. This approach avoids the problem of insufficient battery recovery, limited capital, and low recycling channels due to the limited capacity of individual battery manufacturers.
The main feature of this model is the establishment of a unified recycling organization within the industry, with strong influence, wide coverage, and independent operation; and the recycling network is huge, making it easy for consumers to return batteries. The proceeds from recycling are used to build and operate the recycling network.
Third-party recycling model: It is necessary to build a recycling network and related logistics system on its own. It is responsible for recycling the used power batteries produced by the after-sales market, and then transported them back to the recycling processing center for professional recycling. After the electric vehicle is finally scrapped into the automobile dismantling enterprise, the automobile dismantling enterprise can sell the used power battery to a third-party enterprise.
The establishment of the recycling model requires a large amount of funds to be invested in the construction of recycling equipment, recycling networks and human resources; cost is also one of the important factors. Under the system of producer responsibility extension, different power battery recycling modes are applicable to different types of enterprises.
For large-scale power battery manufacturers, they have a wide variety of products, large production and sales, and have strong technical and economic strength to recycle their own batteries. For small and medium-sized enterprises, product types, production and sales are relatively small, and their own recycling requires a large amount of investment. Will affect the development of the core business of the enterprise, so you can choose to cooperate with other organizations to recycle.
In comparison, the industry alliance recycling cost is the best economy, but because of the need for the cooperation of various enterprises in the industry, the current operability is not perfect when the laws and regulations are not perfect. In terms of overall cost, the cost of direct recycling of power battery manufacturers is lower, while the cost of third-party recycling models is higher.
Recycling technology of waste lithium-ion battery: wet recycling technology
Overview of lithium ion battery recycling technology
The recycling technology of used lithium-ion batteries is a valuable component of used lithium-ion batteries, which are separated according to their respective physical and chemical properties. In general, the entire recycling process is divided into four parts: (1) pretreatment part; (2) electrode material repair; (3) leaching of valuable metals; (4) chemical purification.
In the recycling process, according to different extraction process classification, lithium ion battery recycling technology can be divided into three categories: (1) dry recycling technology; (2) wet recycling technology; (3) biological recycling technology.
Dry recovery mainly includes mechanical separation and high temperature pyrolysis (or high temperature metallurgy). The dry recovery process is short, and the recovery is not targeted, which is the initial stage of metal separation and recovery. Mainly refers to the method of directly recovering materials or valuable metals without passing through a medium such as a solution, mainly through physical sorting and high-temperature pyrolysis, coarse screening of battery crushing, or pyrolysis to remove organic matter for further processing. Element recycling.
The wet recycling technology is more complicated, but the recovery rate of each valuable metal is relatively high. It is currently the main technology for disposing of used nickel-hydrogen batteries and lithium-ion batteries. The wet recovery technology uses various acid-alkaline solutions as a transfer medium to transfer metal ions from the electrode material to the leaching solution, and then ion-exchange, precipitation, adsorption, etc., to remove metal ions in the form of salts, oxides, and the like. Extracted from the solution.
Biorecycling technology has the characteristics of low cost, low pollution and reusability, and is an ideal direction for the development of lithium ion battery recycling technology in the future. The biorecovery technology mainly utilizes microbial leaching to convert useful components of the system into soluble compounds and selectively dissolve them to obtain a solution containing an effective metal, thereby separating the target component from the impurity component, and finally recovering lithium and the like. metal. At present, research on biorecycling technology has just started, and the cultivation of high-efficiency strains, long cycle problems, and control of leaching conditions will be gradually solved.
From the order of recycling process, the first step: pretreatment process, the purpose is to initially separate and recover the valuable part of the old lithium ion battery, and efficiently and selectively enrich the high value-added part of the electrode material for subsequent recovery. The process went smoothly. The pretreatment process generally combines crushing, grinding, screening, and physical separation. The main pretreatment methods include: (1) pre-discharge; (2) mechanical separation; (3) heat treatment; (4) lye dissolution; (5) solvent dissolution; (6) manual disassembly.
The second step: material separation. The mixed electrode material of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is obtained by enrichment in the pretreatment stage. In order to separate and recover valuable metals such as Co and Li, selective extraction of the mixed electrode material is required.æ料分离的过程也å¯ä»¥æŒ‰ç…§å¹²æ³•å›žæ”¶ã€æ¹¿æ³•å›žæ”¶å’Œç”Ÿç‰©å›žæ”¶çš„分类技术分为：(1)æ— æœºé…¸æµ¸å‡ºï¼›(2)生物浸出；(3)机械化å¦æµ¸å‡ºã€‚
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The iodine absorption value of 660 Carbon Black is 36g / kg and the DBP absorption value is 90cm3 / 100g. This product has high drawing stress of high drawing furnace black, good processing performance of fast extruding carbon black, high resilience of semi reinforced carbon black and bending flexibility of fine particle carbon black, and is widely used.
It is used for belt layer or cord layer of tire, inner tube, bicycle tire, rubber tube, adhesive tape, cable, footwear, calendered products and model products. This product is applicable to all kinds of rubber. Compared with semi reinforced carbon black, this product has a higher structure, slightly fine particles, easy to disperse in the rubber, high tensile strength, tensile strength and fixed extension stress of the vulcanized rubber, low heat generation, good elasticity and bending resistance, and low elongation. N660 carbon black is widely used as reinforcing agent and filler of rubber and plastics, such as rubber tire sidewall rubber, shoe sole, adhesive tape, heat-resistant gasket and other products.
Can improve processing performance, PVC soft products, wire, cable skin, artificial leather and other calendered products. It can be used as a thickener for coatings and paints and as a color masterbatch for inks.
N660 carbon black, carbon black n660, General purpose furnace black
Henan Chuange Industry CO.,LTD , https://www.cgpvcresin.com