I. Main technical types of farmland cultivation and agronomic water saving in China
Water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture. With the increasing shortage of water for agriculture and the aggravation of the agricultural drought situation, it is imperative to solve the problem of insufficient agricultural water use and the waste of traditional agricultural irrigation water. It is imperative to develop water-saving irrigation. The development of agriculture depends on science and technology, and on the other hand, the same is true for water-saving agriculture. The key and focus of water-saving agriculture is on farmland, and the core is technology. In recent years, after various areas of China's transformation of traditional water-saving technologies, digestion and absorption of imported technologies, and self-developed research and development, various types of water-saving technologies and self-contained technology models have been widely applied in various areas. The main types are the following ten types:
1. Arranging water-saving technologies for arable lands DD land leveling, smooth drainage, irrigation and water conservation, construction of ponds, ponds, pits, pits, banks, embankments, and other water and water storage facilities are the basic conditions for ensuring the implementation of water-saving irrigation, and farmers have been The universal recognition. In hilly and mountainous regions, terraced fields have been cultivated on the slopes, trees have been planted and grasses have been planted on the slopes, hedgerows have been formed, and surface runoff has been intercepted. Water conservation has been widely used. In order to arrange water conveyance facilities in the fields, measures such as channel seepage prevention measures and diversion canal from narrow to wide and large to small, etc., in order to flood the past into flooding, have become the basic agronomy in the land preparation. Measures.
2. Reducing grazing and water conservation technology DD In the arid and absent seasons, it is possible to adopt methods such as “Ploughing on the pines,†“rotating on behalf of the ploughs,†“leaving stubble on no-tillage ploughs,†and “sticking on tillage and no-tillageâ€. Increase water infiltration depth and water retention capacity, reduce water loss (runs), and save water. Currently promoted "no-tillage wheat", "no-tillage rice throwing", plateau rapeseed and no-tillage soybean cultivation, etc., are water conservation and conservation and reduce the loss of water and fertilizer-based conservation tillage technology. He combined with simplification of cultivation and cost-saving and efficiency-enhancing technologies, and has accelerated its development in the past two years.
2. Water-saving irrigation technology DD water-saving irrigation is scientific irrigation, and development of water-saving irrigation is a strategic measure to promote the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. It is a revolution in field water use. At present, there are mainly furrow irrigation, trench irrigation, low-pressure tube irrigation, drip irrigation, infiltrating irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and micro-spraying. In the ditch, film-conveying water and pipeline water can save water by 20-30%, sprinkler irrigation can save water by 50%, micro-irrigation can save water by 60-70%, drip irrigation and infiltration can save more than 80% water, and It will help improve the output, quality and economic benefits of agricultural products, and it will help save land, save energy, save fertilizer, save labor, save costs and increase efficiency, and help develop agricultural mechanization. In Daejeon production and application, according to the needs of different crop growth and development, the control technology for different irrigation periods, different irrigation times, and different irrigation amounts is matched. For example, the “shallow, wet, and dry†water mode of rice is used, and its shallow water layer standard is 15- For 30mm, the moisture standard is to keep the soil moisture at 80-90% of the soil saturated moisture content or saturated moisture content, after drying, after field tillering. Some crops take regular, quantitative or intermittent irrigation and so on. Accuracy, standardization, and automation are greatly enhanced.
3, Biological and chemical preparations of water retention technology DD In recent years, China has developed a variety of biological and chemical, organic and inorganic drought and water retention agents, water transpiration inhibitors, etc., in dry farming water-saving agriculture to promote the application. Agricultural water-retaining agents are mainly used for seed dressing, seedling transplanting and dipping before cutting, in order to enhance the water absorption capacity of crop roots and improve the emergence and survival rate. Some of them are applied at the time of site preparation or applied together with fertilizers; others are sprayed on soil or crop foliage; others are through crop physiological control mechanisms to increase crop drought resistance and achieve drought- and water-saving and yield-increasing effects.
4. Film Covering and Straw Covering Water-retaining Technology DD These two coverage types have a large application area in China with remarkable results. The main role is to significantly reduce the evaporation of soil moisture and enhance the water storage and water retention performance of cultivated land. The mulching technology has been introduced since the late 1970s, and the area has been expanding year after year. This year, the applied area has reached 240 million mu. There are more than 30 million mu of greenhouse cultivation facilities such as greenhouses and greenhouses; straw returning technology has been used in recent years. The promotion has also been rapid. It has expanded from 360 million mu in 1990 to the current 560 million mu, expanded 200 million mu, and the annual straw returning amount is about 180 million tons, accounting for about the total amount of crop straw. 30%. At present, the method of returning straw to a variety of fields, there are straw smashing to return the field, the whole stalks return to the field, Gao Xie return to the field, there is a ground cover, there are buried earth pressure channels, as well as straw and plastic film double coverage mode.
6, water-saving planting technology DD This type of technology is more commonly used in the northern arid area. Such as: corn point water sowing (sit water point species); rice drought and sparse planting; wheat membrane sulcus sowing. Among them, in the film-measuring-growing mode of wheat, ridging is first performed, and the ridge is covered with a film. In order to protect the maggots, the film can be covered 20 days before sowing, and two lines are sown at the bottom of the ditch between the two ridges and the film margin extending to the ditch. In wheat, the surface of the membrane becomes a rain collection field, and rain flows along the membrane surface into the roots of wheat, which turns effective rain into effective rain, light rain becomes moderate rain, and moderate rain becomes heavy rain. Moisture penetrates into the ridges protected by the membrane and is not easy to evaporate. The roots of wheat are driven by the high temperature and humidity inside the membrane. The roots are all plunged into the soil in the ridge. Generally, the yield can be increased by 30-50%, and the yield is increased by several times. . Some crops adopt the “covered in the autumn of the year and will be sown in the spring of the next year†and “keep the grasshoppers in the current year and leave it for the coming yearâ€, which is an effective measure to prevent spring drought in the arid areas in the north.
7. Integration of Water and Fertilizer Regulation Water Saving Technology DD is mainly the water and fertilizer coupling technology of “adjusting water with fertilizer†and “inducing water with fertilizerâ€. The technology turns from a single watering to a nutrient solution, and the fertilizer goes with water. Turning water into a “composite water solvent†for crops has reduced the number of field operations, saved the cost of agricultural production, and improved the efficiency of the use of fertilizer and water. It can increase the utilization efficiency of fertilizer and water by more than 10%.
8. Drip Irrigation Water Saving Mode DD is a "water-saving drip irrigation mode under field membrane" created by the combination of plastic film mulching cultivation technology and drip irrigation technology in Shihezi City, Xinjiang. It is made up of multiple new technologies. It makes the drip irrigation water infiltrate the root development area of ​​the crop evenly, regularly and quantitatively, so that the soil in the main root zone of the crop always maintains a loose and optimal water-containing state, and the mulching film covers, which greatly reduces the evaporation between the surface and crops. The use is 1/8 of the traditional irrigation method, 1/2 of the sprinkler irrigation, and 70% of the general drip irrigation method. It also increased the fertilizer utilization rate from 30-40% to 50-60%. Shihezi adopts an efficient water-saving mode that began in 1996 and was widely used in 1999. The area used was 30,000 mu in the year, 160,000 mu in 2000, 460,000 mu in 2001, and 800,000 mu in 2002. At present, this technology has been integrated with the equipment and extended into a comprehensive innovation system. Combining the improvement of product quality and performance with the enhancement of product application value, we combine drip irrigation technology with scientific fertilization, management and other cultivation techniques. A mechanized operation of sowing, filming, and laying drip irrigation belts was completed at one time. A tractor with 3 groups, each group under a drip tape laying, sowing 4 rows of cotton. The drip irrigation dripper has an infiltration radius of 40-50 cm, the soil is not compacted, the pellets are not destroyed, and the soil and saline-alkali are improved. The middle- and low-yield saline-alkaline farmland can be transformed into a high-yield stable production field within a few years. This technology has fundamentally changed the mode of agricultural production and greatly developed agricultural productivity. First, it has changed the traditional way of water conservancy construction while greatly improving the utilization rate of land. For example, open channels such as canals, agricultural canals, and furrows in the fields will be replaced by underground aqueducts and drip irrigation belts. Tianfu, Tianrong and Gully will all be cancelled, and land use efficiency will increase by 5-7%. The second is to change the traditional way of working, reduce the cost of farming, and increase labor productivity. In the past, the cotton was watered 6-7 times, and the soil compacted after pouring, but also cultivating 6-7 times. With drip irrigation under the membrane, elderly women who can “push the brakes and discharge water and turn the tap†can do it. And the soil is not compacted, the pellets are not damaged, the grass is not long under the film, the average labor cost per mu is 50-70%, the farming fee is saved by 20-40%, and the water fee and fertilizer fee are saved, and the mu is reduced by 250. -280 yuan, increase cotton output per mu 350 yuan. The third is to promote large-scale operations and increase farmers' income. Every farm worker has managed to raise from 80 to 120 acres from managing 20 to 30 acres of land in the past. As a result, a number of large farms contracted by families have emerged. The improvement of traditional production methods and the improvement of labor productivity will inevitably bring about innovations in agricultural production and management systems and organizational innovation. A family generally contracts 500-600 mu of land, up to a total of 2,700 mu, achieving economies of scale and greatly increasing farmer income. More than 500 mu of farmer households can achieve annual income of 2-3 million. People who used to abandon rural workers have now returned. The transformation of agricultural production triggered by the application of drip irrigation and water-saving technology under the membrane in Shiqizi City of Xinjiang has very important practical significance and far-reaching historical significance. In order to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of agricultural water, the water resources in China, especially in the development of the west, are solved. The effective use has found a feasible way.
9. Collecting rainwater and impounding irrigation pattern DD This model is mainly applied in the drought-flood farming area of ​​the Loess Plateau in the northwest. It is mainly composed of six parts: 1. Rain collection field (mainly based on field pavement, slope surface, and scenes); 2. Sewage ditch; 3. Filter pond (filter out sediment and debris); 4. Water storage pit (generally Water storage 30-60 cubic meters); 5, pumping; 6, water pipes (connecting field irrigation). At present, there are several million rainwater harvesting facilities for farmland.
10. Drought-resistant varieties and dry cultivation techniques DD In recent years, due to severe drought and water shortage, breeders have put the drought resistance of the varieties as one of the key research objectives for crop quality breeding. At present, the drought resistance of the main varieties promoted in the north are higher than in the past. A great improvement. Corn, wheat, beans, potatoes, miscellaneous grains, cotton, hemp, oil, sugar, fruit trees, etc. have a number of high drought-resistant varieties. From dry rice imported from abroad, the planting area has been expanding year by year, and there are more than 200 million mu. Dry cultivation techniques are also becoming more and more abundant, with Jackie Chan's support and self-contained system.
Second, the basis, principles and methods of water-saving technology promotion
The scientific basis for the selection of the above types of technology is to determine the farming system and crop type according to natural climatic conditions and soil type regions, and to recommend appropriate technologies to farmers according to crop types and local economic conditions. In order to make the dry-land water-saving technology better serve the strategic objectives of agricultural development in the new period, the National Agricultural Technology Extension Center has completed the distribution of agricultural water resources and the distribution of crops, and the needs of different crops in the Northeast, North China and Southwest China in the past two years. The situation between water and water supply, through a large number of investigations and studies, initially proposed the development and application planning of water-saving technologies for major crops and water-saving technologies for different crops in different regions.
The principle of agricultural technology promotion. Before the agricultural technology promotion departments recommend available technologies to farmers, they must first be familiar with local conditions and understand the needs of farmers and problems in production water use. The technology recommended by the local farmers should be used in the local community trials and large area demonstrations to prove that it is currently the best technology available and effective at the local level. It can indeed solve the problem of agricultural water and farmers that need to be solved. It can be widely promoted in the local area.
The method of promotion is specifically selected for the promotion of water saving technology content and objects. The general implementation of national water conservation technology extension projects should include the following aspects: First, the “Technical Plan†should be formulated, and the technical content, modes, norms, or standards promoted should be clearly defined, and each should be meticulously and locally implemented in accordance with national project requirements. Implementation of the "Technical Plan"; second is the development of "promotion work plan", the program includes: mission objectives, job requirements, organization and management, implementation steps, annual plans, cost effectiveness, assessment methods, acceptance criteria, etc.; Third, the designated area for promotion In the scope, a representative core area is selected as the demonstration site for the implementation of the project; fourthly, in the demonstration site, a peasant household with the culture, ability, and technical basis, prestige among the peasants, and the demonstration conditions is selected as the model household. The Agricultural Technology Promotion Department signed a "Test and Model Cooperation Agreement" with them to establish demonstration model bases on the land contracted by the demonstration households. Fifth, training guidance, and the techniques for the participation of agricultural technicians, grassroots agricultural management personnel, science and technology demonstration households, and farmers, respectively. Training classes and organizing agricultural technicians to travel to the fields Guidance; Sixth, promotion, organization surrounding agricultural extension station, agricultural workers and farmers to visit demonstration bases, exchanges all over each case, the issuance of technical information, and use of newspapers, television, radio and other media propaganda techniques, describe their experiences.
III. Main issues in the promotion of water-saving technologies
1. Awareness of "heavy facilities, light agronomy"
Due to insufficient publicity on the role of farmland water-saving technologies, the current promotion of farmland water-saving technologies in the society, especially among some government officials, has not attracted enough attention. There is a vague understanding and false tendency of heavy facilities and light agronomy. It is difficult for water-saving technology to get the support it deserves, and this has brought disadvantage to the promotion of the promotion work.
2. Investment in "re-engineering, light promotion"
In the past five years, the central government has invested hundreds of billions of yuan in water conservancy construction, including nearly 30 billion yuan in agricultural and water projects, and only 300 million yuan in farmland. Water saving in farmland is the focus of water saving in agriculture, and it has not been able to invest in the country. Really reflects. Due to the lack of promotion funds, a large number of effective agricultural water-saving technology achievements have not yet been widely used, which is incompatible with the situation of severe water shortage and agricultural development in China.
3. The target coordination mechanism between the state and farmers is not perfect
The state is pursuing water-saving and social benefits. The peasants are pursuing the increase of production and direct economic benefits. The goal coordination mechanism between the two is unscientific and incomplete, which makes it more difficult to promote water-saving technologies. The technology is difficult to achieve and the role is difficult to play. reflect.
Fourth, to further accelerate the promotion of water-saving technology in farmland
Agricultural water-saving technology has great potential for development. Practice has proved that if anti-leakage technology materials are used to build water conveyance channels, the water transfer efficiency can be increased to more than 80%; with pipelines, the efficiency can be increased to more than 90%. If the efficiency of water transportation is increased from the current 50% to 70%, it can save 80 billion cubic meters of water; according to 300 mu of water per mu for water-saving irrigation, 200 million mu of farmland irrigation water can be solved. Sprinkler irrigation can increase the effective utilization of water to 80%; tube irrigation can be increased to more than 60%. According to calculations by related departments, the effective utilization rate of field irrigation water in China has increased by 20 percentage points, which can save 80 billion cubic meters of water and increase the irrigation area of ​​about 200 million mu. To effectively do the above work, we must increase the country’s investment support for the promotion of water-saving agricultural technology and the intensity of investment in agriculture so as to hopefully increase the effective irrigation area of ​​farmland in China from the current 800 million mu to more than 1 billion mu. Through unremitting efforts, we basically solved the problem of agricultural water use in China. To achieve the above goals, we should focus on the following points:
Starting from the macro-strategy of agricultural development in the new era, China should gradually establish a scientific and technological support system for the development of water-saving agriculture. The system should be composed of four aspects: First, it is necessary to strengthen the development of water-saving agriculture macroeconomic development of strategic research and the formulation and implementation of laws and policies; Second, to strengthen scientific and technological research and development; Third, to further improve the drought, public opinion monitoring and information network construction , to strengthen the experimental demonstration of water-saving technology and the promotion and application of a large area; Fourth, increase funding support.
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