Based on the theory of collaborative innovation of industrial clusters and the strategic organization knowledge as the framework, the paper analyzes the formation mechanism and characteristics of the collaborative innovation model of LED industry bases in Shenzhen, Shanghai and Nanchang, and finds that Shenzhen implements a benign interaction model between the government and the market. In the leading mode of scientific research institutes, Nanchang implements the leading mode of leading enterprises. The above model provides theoretical guidance and policy advice for collaborative innovation in the LED industry in other parts of China. Introduction Industrial clusters, as an industrial organization between markets and enterprises, are an important carrier of regional and national economic development. Collaborative innovation has become an important driving force for regional development. Collaborative innovation in industrial clusters has the characteristics of multi-agent and complexity. The collaborative innovation models of different clusters have their own characteristics and are difficult to imitate. It is of theoretical and practical significance to explore collaborative innovation models of different clusters. China's LED industry is developing rapidly, and the agglomeration effect is obvious. However, the key equipment and core technologies are lacking. In the integration of the whole industry chain, can we use the comparative advantage and innovation ability to select the appropriate collaborative innovation model to realize the synergy of the LED industry? Development is the key to improving the innovation performance of industrial clusters and realizing industrial optimization and upgrading. Based on the industrial cluster and collaborative innovation as the theoretical basis, this paper conducts multi-case exploratory research, deeply analyzes the formation mechanism and characteristics of collaborative innovation in various industrial bases, and provides reference for the collaborative innovation of China's LED industry to compensate for the lack of comparative research in the LED industry. . China has established 14 semiconductor lighting industrialization bases, forming four major gathering areas of the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta, the Sui Triangle and the Bohai Sea. The LED output value of more than 80 in the country is concentrated in the above areas. Among them, the characteristics of the LED industry in the Bohai Rim region are not obvious, and the output value only accounts for 5 of the country, while the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Yunnan Triangle have distinct local characteristics. Shenzhen, Shanghai and Nanchang are the representatives of the LED industry in three regions. The industrial agglomeration capacity is the strongest and the industrial chain is the most complete. Due to different industrial policies, markets and resources, the key points and characteristics of LED industry development are obviously different. Therefore, this paper selects the most distinctive Shenzhen, Shanghai and Nanchang as research objects. 1. Literature review Collaborative innovation refers to the process of effectively arranging innovative elements by enterprises, universities and other organizations, and through the complex nonlinear interaction, to produce the overall synergistic effect that a single subject or a single element cannot achieve. Summarizing the previous research results, collaborative innovation research mainly focuses on its formation mechanism, innovation evolution, and influencing factors. Different scholars have studied the modes and paths of collaborative innovation from different angles. Some scholars divide the process of collaborative innovation into two-factor synergy, three-element synergy and multi-factor synergy based on the perspective of innovation factors. Some scholars divide collaborative innovation models into internal collaborative innovation and external collaborative innovation based on the perspective of innovation path. External collaborative innovation includes both horizontal and vertical types; some scholars divide collaborative innovation into different types according to different subjects of innovation. Among them, Zhang Bo's inter-enterprise cooperation model, the combination of production, study and research, industrial cluster mode and the establishment of national collaborative innovation system model have a great impact. The innovation perspective shifts from the internal to the enterprise and the interaction between the enterprise and the external environment promotes the rise of the industrial cluster innovation network. Industrial cluster collaborative innovation refers to the long-term cooperation between enterprises, research institutes and governments, effectively configuring the innovation elements in the cluster, enhancing the innovation capability of the enterprise and the overall competitive advantage of the cluster. The key to collaborative innovation of industrial clusters is to form a network innovation model in which the main body of innovation is the core element, and the multi-agents with the government, service organization and innovation platform as the auxiliary elements work together to optimize the resource allocation and make the system Produces a nonlinear superposition utility. Fan Taisheng proposed a collaborative innovation mechanism for industrial clusters based on innovative symbiosis, trust cooperation, value alliance and collaborative atmosphere. It is believed that collaborative innovation of industrial clusters can enhance cluster learning ability and improve innovation performance. Li Zhigang discussed the impact of network structure variables on the innovation performance and capabilities of enterprises in the cluster from the perspective of cluster innovation network members and structure. It is found that the network density, connection intensity and resource richness embedded in enterprises can enhance the innovation efficiency of enterprises. Xie Xuemei analyzed the synergistic mechanism of cluster continuous innovation from three aspects: subject, environment and support system, and proposed the operation model of the continuous innovation system of science and technology industry cluster. At present, the research results on the connotation and extension of industrial clusters and collaborative innovation are relatively mature, but the collaborative innovation mechanism and model of industrial clusters need to be further explored. Therefore, based on the theory of collaborative innovation of industrial clusters, this paper takes multi-case comparative research as the main method, and combs the characteristics of collaborative innovation models of different industrial clusters from the aspects of strategy, organization and knowledge. The theoretical framework is shown in Figure 1. 2. The three-base collaborative innovation model analyzes the collaborative innovation model of industrial clusters, which is related to regional economic development, innovation environment and related industrial foundations. The formation of innovation models must undergo industrial scale expansion and industrial chain expansion within clusters, and technological innovation diffusion within clusters. Cooperation with the main body of innovation. 2, 1 Government and market benign interaction of collaborative innovation model Shenzhen LED industry base 2, 1, 1 collaborative innovation model formation mechanism The first stage: a small number of high-tech enterprises invested in the LED industry's innovative research and development, has become the leading enterprise to drive cluster collaborative innovation. Shenzhen LED industry is formed in more than 10 companies engaged in LED packaging and applications. In the late 1990s, a few powerful high-tech companies tested the LED industry by introducing technology or using the research and development results of research institutes. The second stage: LED aggregation effect is remarkable, and the collaborative innovation system is continuously improved. Shenzhen LED industry relies on the local electronic information industry to seize the opportunity of the world's service industry transfer, create a comprehensive functional production service chain, form a LED industry agglomeration base, and continuously improve the innovation environment and R&D service system. The third stage: the advantages of strategic alliances are prominent, and the cooperation between government, industry, and research is close. The government encourages enterprises and R&D institutions to strengthen technical cooperation and exchanges through the formation of LED industry-university research and industry standards alliances, and the establishment of joint laboratories, forming a strong end of collaborative innovation. 2, 1, 2 collaborative innovation model features industry resources internal resources interaction, to achieve regular collaborative innovation, to reduce the difficulty and risk of enterprise innovation, to achieve the overall effect of the cluster. The government interacts effectively with the market and guides the construction of a strategic synergy system. Shenzhen City recognizes the importance of strategic synergy, pays attention to the innovation environment and collaborative culture construction, gives full play to the complementary advantages of the government and the market, utilizes innovative resources efficiently, coordinates the interests of all parties, and forms a benign interactive model of the government market in a strategic way. Breakthroughs in both ends of LED technology and marketing. Supported by the government, LED industry associations established by LED companies, research institutes and other institutions have established long-term cooperation between industry, university and research institutes and an effective mechanism for recycling. Improve organizational mechanisms and coordinate interests among subjects. Give full play to the functions of industry promotion leading groups and industry associations, and realize the complementary advantages and balance of interests among the main bodies through the establishment of resource sharing platforms, research and development and results transformation platforms and joint laboratories. In addition, Shenzhen has established a large-scale state-owned energy-saving service enterprise to optimize the EMC model, implement the business model of enterprise user banking, and develop the capital chain of the industry chain service chain, realizing the balance of interests among all parties, which is another major feature of Shenzhen LED industry. . Play the role of each subject and strengthen the integration and innovation of LED knowledge and technology. Collaborative innovation is the transfer, absorption, integration and re-creation of innovation elements with knowledge and technology as the core, and requires close cooperation between the various entities. The government actively plays a coordinating role, encourages cooperation between universities, enterprises and research institutions through various forms, strengthens personnel interaction and cross-organizational learning; there are many LED enterprises in Shenzhen, and they have strong innovation capabilities. By encouraging enterprises to join patent alliances and standard alliances, the tacit knowledge will be made explicit, the technology diffusion between enterprises will be accelerated, and knowledge sharing and learning mechanisms will be established; knowledge collaboration platforms such as technology centers, joint laboratories, and patent alliances will be established. Through project cooperation and technical exchange, the technical capabilities of enterprises have been improved, and the overall innovation capability of industrial clusters has been improved through knowledge sharing. 2, 2 ITRI-led collaborative innovation model Shanghai LED industry base 2, 2, 1 collaborative innovation model formation mechanism The first phase: solid industrial foundation and scientific research strength is the basis of Shanghai LED industry collaborative innovation. A group of powerful research institutes such as Shanghai Fudan, Tongji, Opto-mechanical Institute and Institute of Technical Physics are important participants in innovation, providing technology, talents and scientific research results for the LED industry. In addition, Shanghai microelectronics, energy conservation and environmental protection, aerospace and other industries provide a broad market for the growth of the LED industry. The second stage: the public R&D and service system has been continuously improved, and a joint mechanism of production, study and research led by the Engineering Technology R&D Center has gradually formed. The establishment of Shanghai Engineering Technology Research Center and its sub-centers provides a sound technical service for common technology research and industry standard research and development, and builds a high-level, open R&D service support system. The third stage: the LED industry development strategy of LED incubator, technology platform and industrialization base will be formed. The first LED incubator established in Shanghai has improved the efficiency of division of labor among the clusters, providing funds and management services for LED companies in the initial stage, incubating enterprises and scientific research results, and promoting enterprise gathering and cooperation. 2, 2, 2 collaborative innovation model characteristics Shanghai LED industry's strategic synergy is reflected in the industrial base within the coordination and regional synergy two levels. The Shanghai Municipal Government has intensified policy support and government procurement efforts, combined with demonstration projects, with the industry alliance as the core and the engineering technology center as the platform. The joint research on LED core and common technologies has promoted the development of collaborative innovation activities. In addition, Shanghai has strengthened cooperation in the Yangtze River Delta region and established a regional industrial chain integration development trend of industrial cooperation, competition and cooperation, and mutual benefit, and promoted division of labor cooperation, technology licensing and application of results. Improve the industry-university-research cooperation system and provide organizational guarantee for collaborative innovation. Taking the Engineering Technology Research Center as the main body, we will broaden the platform service system, establish laboratories and sub-centers, and provide high-quality system services for the LED industry. The platform is based on the service industry and provides performance testing, product evaluation and consulting services, and the establishment of joint laboratories for personnel training. Organized a number of seminars, strengthened communication and exchanges between enterprises, accelerated the diffusion of technology and knowledge, and provided a smooth cooperation mechanism for corporate innovation activities. A large number of powerful universities and research institutes provide knowledge and technical support for collaborative innovation. A large number of scientific research achievements have become the source of cluster knowledge and technology, which has promoted the gathering of enterprises within the cluster and cultivated a large number of talents for the development of the cluster. Led by research institutes and cooperating with enterprises to undertake national project research and development, employees can go to colleges to study and participate in research and development. At the same time, enterprises provide internship opportunities for students, accelerate the transfer and integration of knowledge, and finally achieve technological breakthroughs. In addition, Shanghai leads the industry with standards, and multi-level units have joined the Semiconductor Lighting Technology Standards Working Group to internalize knowledge into innovative capabilities in the form of joint research and development. 2, 3 leading enterprises to lead the collaborative innovation model Nanchang LED industry base 2, 3, 1 collaborative innovation model formation mechanism The first stage: the strong leading edge of research and development is the main body of collaborative innovation. Driven by a group of leading enterprises such as Lianchuang, Xinlei and Jingneng, Nanchang LED industry has a strong development momentum and formed a complete industrial chain. The second stage: taking the leading enterprise as the main body and the university as the foundation, strengthening the industry-university-research joint. Nanchang LED leading enterprises have obvious driving effects on small and medium-sized enterprises, strengthen enterprise restructuring or industrial chain division of labor cooperation, and enhance the independent innovation capability of enterprises; establish public technology and service platforms based on Nanchang High-tech Zone and Nanchang University, strengthen the alliance of industry, university and research, and guide The company's innovation and research and development in the field of luminescent materials and chips has improved the overall innovation capability. The third stage: relying on key enterprises, forming a center, star-studded, multi-point diffusion and coordinated development layout. Nanchang, around the engineering research and development center, led by the leading enterprises, promoted the industrial chain extension and enterprise gathering by guiding the development of related industries and attracting investment within the cluster, and improved the overall competitiveness of Nanchang LED industry. The characteristics of the 2, 3, and 2 collaborative innovation models are based on the industrial alliance, and they follow the road of clustering strategy synergy. Nanchang uses its advantages in LED industry technology, investment and financing, and labor
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